一个新的分布式水文模型在鄱阳湖赣江流域的验证

考虑同类模型在模拟大尺度流域时存在的一些弱点，开发了基于单元网格，并且结构较为简单、参数数量较少的分布式水文模型WATLAC。为了验证该模型在大尺度流域长时间序列的模拟效果，选取鄱阳湖流域的最大子流域——赣江流域（817万km2）为验证区域。流域的空间非均匀性由单元网格离散并模拟。根据下垫面数据精度，选取4 km×4 km的离散网格尺寸，并应用ArcGIS等软件建立流域网格信息，生成模型输入数据。采用1960~1989年外洲站和峡江站的实测资料对模型进行了验证。率定期（1960~1969年）两水文站日、月和年径流确定性系数在081~093，Ens系数在079~099，年径流统计量相对误差均低于8%；校核期（1970~1989年）两水文站日、月和年径流确定性系数在076~092，Ens系数在075~091，年径流统计量相对误差均低于2%。结果显示，模拟的径流量与实测值吻合良好，模型在赣江流域得到了很好的验证。模型对赣江流域具有较强的适用性，在流域水资源管理中具有较好的应用前景。     

Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediment of Temsah lake, Suez Canal, Egypt

Lake Temsah is one of the main wetlands in the Suez Canal region, and the main source for fish for the area. The lake is the end-point of several wastewater effluents. In the present study, residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were monitored in the sediment of the lake. Samples were collected from six different sampling stations around the lake using a box-corer sampler, then kept frozen. Samples were extracted and cleaned up before residue determination was conducted using an HRGC/HRMS. An HP 6890 plus gas chromatograph was coupled to a Micromass Autospec Ultima mass spectrometer operating in EI mode at 35 eV and with a resolution of 10.000 (5% valley). PCDDs and PCDFs were detected in all sediment samples collected from various sampling stations. Results showed some progressive increase in PCDDs concentrations relevant to increase in chlorination. In the PCDD group of congeners, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 octa-CDD had the highest detected concentrations in all samples, while 2, 3, 7, 8 tetra-CDD showed the lowest concentrations. The World Health Organization toxicity equivalents ranged from 0.387 to 11.20 ng kg^-1 d.w. For PCDD homologues, hexa-CDD was the most dominant homologue in all sediment samples analysed. Regarding dioxin-like PCBs, results showed that IUPAC No. 118 congener, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, pentachlorobiphenyl was the most concentrated of all detected congeners, with concentrations ranging between 0.039 and 43.201 µg kg^-1. For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo(b+k+j)fluoranthene had the highest concentrations in almost all sampling stations. However, fluorene was the smallest detected concentration in almost all stations. This result would indicate that PAH contamination of the lake seems to be coming from one main source in all sampling stations. The present work is the first record of PCCDs, PCCFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in the Temsah lake. The concentrations of the contaminants monitored in this study, especially those of PAHs, are rather alarming. Efforts should be made to stop point sources that contaminate the lake.     

太湖生态修复治理工程

太湖是我国第三大淡水湖泊 ,也是流域的重要水体。近年来 ,随着人口的增长 ,经济高速发展 ,人为社会经济活动影响 ,水资源系统受到很大冲击 ,水质变劣 ,湖体营养过程加剧 ,生态环境受到明显损害 ,制约了流域社会经济的可持续发展。要实现流域水资源的可持续利用 ,必须加快水污染综合治理。除陆域实施严格的达标治理、河网水质调控 ,农业面源及生活污水治理外 ,太湖湖体生态修复和富营养化治理已为当务之急。目前应尽早实施 :①太湖重污染区底泥的生态疏浚 ,减少底泥释放二次污染。②利用浮床陆生植物治理太湖典型富营养化水域 ,利用生物吸收、降解 ,继而富集营养盐 ,净化水质。③建立环湖湿地保护带。④恢复和重建湖滨带水生植被 ,实现长效生态管理和调控。⑤生态渔业工程 ,有效控制过度养殖 ,恢复湖泊生态良性循环。⑥藻类采集和资源化再利用。⑦强化流域     

长湖水环境质量与水生生物状况

对长湖水环境质量和水生生物状况进行了评价。结果表明：长湖水质污染属有机污染型，总体评价属V类或劣V类水质，长湖属极富营养型湖泊。藻类群落结构随季节变化，其中，夏季长湖蓝藻为优势类群；磷是长湖藻类生长的限制因子；夏秋季浮游动物数量明显高于冬春季；菹草（Potamogeton crispus）、微齿眼子菜（Potamogeton maackianus）为沉水植物主要群落类型，水生维管束植物分布占全湖面积的80％～90％，春季生物量较高；藻类与沉水植物的生长处于相对平衡的状态。     

洞庭湖区不同利用方式下农田土壤有机碳含量特征

土地利用方式是影响土壤有机碳含量和动态的重要因子之一。其利用方式的改变必将引起土壤有机碳含量发生相应的变化。在洞庭湖腹地选取典型样区，通过调查走访和密集取样，分析了不同土地利用方式（旱地、水旱轮作地、一季稻水田和双季稻水田）下623个农田耕层土样有机碳含量。结果表明，研究区内土壤有机碳含量高低顺序为双季稻水田（28.12 g/kg） > 一季稻水田（27.03 g/kg） > 水旱轮作地（24.79 g/kg） > 旱地（17.96 g/kg），其差异均达到极显著水平（P < 0.01）。土地生产力、秸秆还田量和土壤水文状态是导致不同利用方式下耕层土壤有机碳含量差异的主要原因。进一步分析表明：加强作物秸秆还田（土）、提高土地复种指数、增加地表覆盖是维持和提高洞庭湖区耕作土壤有机碳含量的可行措施，尤其是旱作土壤。     

西洞庭湖鱼类物种多样性及其时空变化

洞庭湖是长江中游现存仅有的两大通江湖泊之一，研究其鱼类资源对了解湖泊通江的生态作用有着重要意义。为此，在2002年9月~2004年6月每月定期定点在西洞庭湖区开展鱼类调查，结果如下：① 实地调查到鱼类111种，隶属9目20科，包括中华鲟、胭脂鱼等珍稀物种；②鱼类物种数年动态波动较大,最高月份达69种，最低为26种，月均50±13种；③物种多样性指数年动态与物种数年动态大体一致，最高达3.34，最低为1.89，月均2.84±0.38；④空间分布上，位于入湖口的调查点物种数和多样性指数高于内湖，且差异有显著性(p<0.05)；⑤在数量上，湖泊定居型鱼类占50%以上，其中，鲫数量最多，占16%左右。可见：西洞庭湖作为通江湖泊在鱼类多样性的保护上起到避难所和交流场所的作用；目前，西洞庭湖鱼类在生态组成上，湖泊定居型鱼类比重有逐渐增加的趋势。     

The Status of Pesticide Residues in the Drinking Water Sources in Meiliangwan Bay, Taihu Lake of China

The study was carried out to assess the levels of pesticide residues in the water of Meiliangwan Bay, Taihu Lake of China. The most commonly employed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and herbicide atrazine were analyzed. The water samples were collected seasonally from Meiliangwan Bay within a period of one year. The pesticides were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with μECD or NPD after solid-phase extraction (SPE), which was confirmed by GC with an ion trap mass spectrometry (MS). The mean concentrations were 1.98 ng/l for lindane, 0.378 ng/l for heptachlor epoxide, 0.367 ng/l for p,p′-DDE, 0.496 ng/l for p,p′-DDD, 1.06 ng/l for p,p′-DDT and 51.6 ng/l for dichlorvos, 39.0 ng/l for demeton, 346 ng/l for dimethoate, 4.12 ng/l for methyl parathion, 11.6 ng/l for malathion, 2.17 ng/l for parathion and 217 ng/l for atrazine. Generally, low concentrations of OCP were found, whereas the concentrations of the OPPs and atrazine in the water of Taihu Lake were relatively high. Heptachlor epoxide and lindane were the two most commonly encountered OCPs while dichlorvos, demeton and dimethoate were found to have much higher concentrations and occurrences than other OPPs.     

洞庭湖区退田还湖、移民建镇的社会经济效应

为了探讨长江中游地区的地方经济发展模式与移民安置容量之间的关系，充分认识生态环境治理的区域社会经济依托条件和限制因素，我们在世界自然基金会长江项目的支持下，开展“洞庭湖农村工业发展与移民建镇的案例研究”。洞庭湖区人口和城镇密集，又是全国重要的商品农业基地，退田还湖和平垸行洪的人口压力很大，移民安置任务艰巨。课程组对位于洞庭湖区的常德、岳阳两市的汉寿，安乡，岳阳3县进行了实地调查，并在6个案例乡镇进行了重点访问与移民问卷调查和乡镇企业问卷调查。以移民问卷调查为研究基础，对比分析政府在移民安置中采取的战略模式和空间取向与移民的就业和居住意愿，深入认识移民安置与城市化的相互作用关系，为制定科学合理，相互协调统一的洞庭湖区移民建镇长远规划和城镇化战略提供决策参考。     

湖鲫、鲤鱼的增产潜力及渔业生态管理研究

自１９９１年以来，对氵鬲湖鲫、鲤鱼的种群结构、生态环境等进行了较全面的调查研究，提出了在保持草型湖泊生态系统良性循环基础上，合理地利用氵鬲湖天然饵料资源进行渔业生态管理，使可更新资源尽可能多地转化为鲫、鲤商品鱼的建议，以充分提高鲫、鲤产值效益。文中有关入湖鱼种死亡过程的双峰曲线，尚未见诸报道。     

Land-cover changes in an urban lake watershed in a mega-city, Central China

Urbanization can exert a profound influence on land covers and landscape characteristics. In this study, we characterize the impact of urbanization on land cover and lacustrine landscape and their consequences in a large urban lake watershed, Donghu Lake watershed (the largest urban lake in China), Central China, by using Landsat TM satellite images of three periods of 1987, 1993 and 1999 and ground-based information. We grouped the land covers into six categories: water body, vegetable land, forested land, shrub-grass land, open area and urban land, and calculated patch-related landscape indices to analyze the effects of urbanization on landscape features. We overlaid the land cover maps of the three periods to track the land cover change processes. The results indicated that urban land continuously expanded from 9.1% of the total watershed area in 1987, to 19.4% in 1993, and to 29.6% in 1999. The vegetable land increased from 7.0% in 1987, 11.9% in 1993, to 13.9% in 1999 to sustain the demands of vegetable for increased urban population. Concurrently, continuous reduction of other land cover types occurred between 1987 and 1999: water body decreased from 30.4% to 23.8%, and forested land from 33.6% to 24.3%. We found that the expansion of urban land has at least in part caused a decrease in relatively wild habitats, such as urban forest and lake water area. These alterations had resulted in significant negative environmental consequences, including decline of lakes, deterioration of water and air quality, and loss of biodiversity.